Policy Analysis: Free Speech and Social Media

Free speech is guaranteed by the First Amendment to the Constitution. The founding fathers believed the freedom of the citizenry to question and publicly scorn the government to be of such importance, it was their first order of business. Such speech is not absent limits and some fail to understand what the First Amendment prohibits. The protections for individuals include the language; Congress shall make no law that abridges free speech.Certainly case law has provided some examples of unprotected speech to Include statements that would cause public terror such as oiling â€Å"fire† In a theater, harassing statements, disturbance of another's peace, and statements In the workplace that could create a hostile work environment (Van Broccoli, 2011). Because the founding fathers left the First Amendment vague, the Congress, through legislation, and the courts through legal decisions have defined certain speech as unprotected. Important differences exist between the speech of a ci tizen and the speech of an employee.Even more disparity exists between employees who work in private industry than employees of the government. Technology available wrought social media and the ability to communicate internationally in seconds has created a whole new arena for employees and employers (Van Broccoli, 2011). Private Employees versus Public Employees Substantial differences exist between private employers and governmental employees. Essentially, free speech protections do not extend to employees of private businesses.Although free speech In the workplace Is restricted, laws related to â€Å"whistle blower† protections and certain protected classes of people persist. Furthermore, the National Labor Relations Act (ANAL) protects employees from an employer interfering with an employee's fertilization regarding work conditions, supervisors, and the organization. These same protections do not apply to government Jobs, such as municipal police departments. It is import ant to understand that these protections are not founded in the First Amendment, but in statutes, contracts, case law, and policies and procedures (Van Broccoli, 2011).Public employees enjoy some protections related to the First Amendment, however these are limited. Case law has carved out a three prong test which is continually being applied to new cases before the courts. The three-prong test applies to oral and written communications, photographic depictions, videos, music, and performing arts. The following prongs of the test determine whether or not the officers speech Is protected by the First Amendment: 1. The speech must touch on a matter of public concern 2. The speech must be made as a citizen, not as part of the officers official duties 3.The speech must address an issue of public interest, and the officers interest must outweigh the agencies interest in promoting and maintaining efficient operations (Baker, 2011). Public Concern Typically, the public is not interested in the inner-workings of police agency. Issues surrounding promotions, advancements, or displeasure with the bosses is not a matter of public interest. For example, in Iconic v. Myers an assistant district attorney circulated a letter inquiring about employees morale and work conditions.The assistant district attorney was fired for his communique and the Supreme Court upheld his termination. In City of San Diego v. Roe a police officer was claiming to be expressing free speech by masturbating on a website and selling police memorabilia. The officer was ordered to cease and desist, yet he maintained the web-site that had depicted San Diego Police Department uniforms. Again, the Supreme Court ruled that his speech was of no interest to the public at large (Van Broccoli, 2011).Official Capacity versus Private Citizen This prong of the test is more difficult to apply. Often police officers believe they are acting as a citizen, when in fact, the opposite is true. Speech related to the offi cers official duties is not protected. In Cigarette v Caballeros, a deputy district attorney reviewed an affidavit used by police to secure a search warrant. Deputy District Attorney Caballeros found misrepresentations that he brought to his supervisor. The supervisor removed the deputy from the case and the case went forward.Caballeros testified for the defense and was reassigned to another division and denied a promotion. Caballeros claimed his speech was protected and sued. The Supreme Court ruled that although honorable, his speech was the result of his professional responsibilities as a prosecutor and therefore not the speech of a private citizen (Van Broccoli, 2011). Other cases have illustrated this nexus, including a sergeant in charge of a argotic unit who brought to light wrong doings of his subordinates. Not only was he told to work harmoniously, he was threatened with transfer.When he resigned and sued, the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals again reaffirmed his speech was not that of a private citizen, but the product of his employment (Van Broccoli, 2011). Notoriety, such as an officer who is regularly on the news may place that officer in an official capacity more than other officers (Baker, 2011). Promoting and Maintaining Efficiency The Supreme Court has ruled that even if the officer's speech was related to an issue of public concern, and the officer was acting as a citizen, the interests of the officer will be weighed against the department's interests.This prong was discussed in Nixon v. City of Houston (Van Broccoli, 2011). Nixon, a Houston Police Officer, authored opinion columns in local publications. Although he never identified himself as a Houston Police officer, he regularly mentioned that he was a police officer and wrote about Houston Police activities and policies as well as his activities. His columns contained offensive remarks about minorities, citizen groups, women and the homeless. Although off-duty and not calming to De a Houston Police emcee, en was eventually terminated Tort tans Ana other incidents.Nixon claimed that his speech was protected, yet the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that the Houston Police Departments interests in protecting their relationship with the community outweighed his interests (Van Broccoli, 2011) . The Policy Because of issues previously discussed, criminal Justice agencies have been forced to adopt new policies related to social media. These policies are derived from case law and legislative action and must comply with labor agreements.Because freedom of speech is a Constitutional issue, individual cases will continue to be determined on their merit within the three-prong test. Police agencies should be encouraged to draft social media policies and educate employees in the nuances of free speech and the acceptable uses of social media. Currently the Washoe County Sheriffs Office does not have a social media policy, although a new policy update is being formulated to addres s the deficiency (Washoe County Sheriff, 2011). Conclusion The public has little sympathy for police officers who use their trusted role to elate policy.On the other hand, the public has little interest in the daily politics of a police organization. Where police officers fail, and expose their department to embarrassment, are cases in which they post inappropriate materiel for public view. Such examples are widespread and include police officers posting Faceable photographs in uniform pointing guns at their heads, a police officer who shot a man 11 times then posted comments about how he would rather be emptying his guns than cleaning them, and a police officer with a bikini-clad girl leaned over his patrol ar (Wilson, 2011).

High school hazing Essay

Hazing by way of definition refers to use of harassment, humiliation or abuse as away of initiating an individual into a particular gang or group. Hazing can involve either physical process which usually are violent in nature or can involve mental processes which usually are degrading in nature. The person undergoing hazing is expected to endure the ritualistic tests that he is subjected to and this is seen as a way of promoting group loyalty and bondage as it involves shared suffering with other members of the group or participants. Hazing may occur in a number of contexts including the armed forces, workplace, high schools, sororities and fraternities (Davis, 1998). Rookies let hazing to take place due to a number of reasons. They may want to be associated and belong to the in-group and hence letting themselves to be subjected to hazing. This is due to the fact that the in-group has its own beliefs, identity, norms and values. Cognitive dissonance as explained by Leon Festinger may lead to hazing. (Monarch, 1998) Despite the fact that hazing has been prevalent mover the years, it has been difficult for researchers to study it in terms of its causative underlying mechanisms because of its secretive nature. This has contributed to poor understanding of hazing. Although the many cases of hazing are never reported, various incidents have occurred where by victims have suffered severe injuries and even death. An example is an incident that occurred in Clarkson University on 10th February 1997 where a 1st year student along with his colleagues was forced to drink a large quantity of alcohol from a bucket. The poor 17 year old student was found the following day dead after allegedly choking on his own vomit (Swe et, 1999). This is just one of the many hazing stories of which the majority is not as severe. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate hazing in United States of America High Schools. The study was carried out by Alfred University, USA in April 2000. Methodology Out of approximately 15 million high school students in United States, a population sample of 20, 000 was selected which included both seniors and juniors. A survey instrument was prepared and mailed to the selected 20,000 students using their home addresses. On follow up it was discovered that only 5.46% did not reach their destination hence it was assumed that approximately 18,600 of the survey instruments were delivered. However the responses that were received totaled 1,541 which reflected an 8.28 % rate of response. The cover letter of the survey instrument consisted of enough information about the survey to solicit informed consent from the respondent and also deadline of the return of the instrument. The survey instrument consisted of the background of the respondents including their school grade, sex, resident state, type of school, and any membership in a group, race and location. The instrument also consisted of the respondents experience with hazing and its definition wher eby they were asked to state whether for each type of a group they joined because of hazing, didn’t join because they were afraid to haze, or were forced to leave the group because of hazing. Students were asked during what age they were introduced to hazing, if ever, if they reported it, and what they felt were the most appropriate ways of preventing it. The survey finally asked the students what activities they were expected to do in order to join a group or a team in high school. Initiation behavior that was used was grouped into 4 categories and was from the previous year’s study of athletes of NCAA. The grouping included community building, endangering, abuse of substance and humiliation. Open ended questions regarding the student’s suggestions about suggestions of other preventive strategies, motive for participation, experiences and consequences, afterward feelings and activities that were required of them were asked. (High School hazing, 2008) Statistica l analysis Statistical tables were used to analyze each respondent group of students. Across-tab involving gender and area of residence was employed to come up with sample weights. The six groups of females and males by region were separately weighted by frequency of sample and divided by the population to come up with estimations of prevalence and lead to production of percentages expected for whole population based to the current limited knowledge. Cross-tabular analysis employing chi-square statistics were conducted to study significant differences among groups. Activities were used to cross demographic groups in order to identify hot spots and at risk groups. Results The study found out that the students were of the view that hazing is condoned by adults. They felt that hazing was acceptable socially and they would significantly engage in the activity especially if they knew of a hazed adult. The students usually do not think hazing is a big problem. Half of the students that were involved in abuse of substance and other illegal acts as a way of being accepted into a group believed their activities as hazing. However, 98% of the students believed that dangerous hazing was not good while 86% believed that hazing that is humiliating was not good. The study also found out that student saw hazing as a way of having fun and as exciting. It was also found out that hazing begins at a young age and can progress throughout life. (Eisenber, 1986)

What Contemporary Pressures or Influences have made 'Health and the Essay

What Contemporary Pressures or Influences have made 'Health and the use of illicit drugs' an Issue Health Policy Agenda - Essay Example . Although the mood altering drugs have been in use by the humans since several thousands of years, Australia had no illicit drugs consumption until 1950s. It was the American soldiers on vacation from Vietnam to Australia during 1960s who started spreading the use of cannabis and heroin in Australia. The Federal Senate’s approach during 1970s towards drugs use was that personal consumption of marijuana was not to be treated as a crime but the penalty could be monetary without any conviction record and also not to be used for punishment in repeat offences in future. But the Government did not approve (Pennington,1999). Australia was very vigorous right from the beginning going by the report of Cannabis arrests that almost rose by 1000 percent in New South Wales itself during 1966-1969. (Pennington,1999). This is quite encouraging but one fails to understand why in spite of the of tough attitude of the Government, use of illicit drugs are still widely prevalent in Australia. Thi s paper aims to trace the history of policy initiatives of successive Governments in Australia and examine contemporary pressures and issues that forces the present day Government to have the issue of illicit drugs as part of the country’s health policy. By virtue of being a U.N. member Australia has been influenced by the U.N. initiatives in connection with control of illicit drugs. Thus Australia has always been a signatory to various international treaties dealing with control of drugs such as Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 1961of the U.N., Convention on Psychotropic Substances 1971 of the U.N. and United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances 1988. The Single Convention of 1961 imposes obligations on the signatory States to make laws to implement the provisions of the Convention. One of them is

Reading response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 40

Reading response - Essay Example "Is a plongeurs work really necessary... He earns his bread in the sweat of his brow, but it does not follow that he is doings anything useful." This quote could be found in Chapter XXII when the author is just about to give up working at Auberge, with promise of working prospects in London. In this quote something is being said about poverty: That there are people who would willingly accept their plight because it is necessary. The argument is that it must be done, otherwise something in society will fail. The author, for example, mentioned that there were so many men with university degrees in Paris working as dishwashers and seemed to choose the because it is necessary. The offshoot was that they were trapped into poverty. For all his seeming practicality and sense, why would the author risk going to London on the strength of a friends recommendation? His friend Boris has already led him into deeper mire than he was in previously, so why trust his life on

Capital Projects Recommendation 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Capital Projects Recommendation 2 - Assignment Example Operating cash flows includes; sales revenue, cost of production, income before taxes, marginal tax rate, depreciation, increase in working capital. Terminal cash flow includes; decrease in working capital, salvage value, marginal income tax rate. Cost of capital evaluates the cost of borrowing to pay for the project. This value is set as the benchmark for the lowest possible return. Opportunity cost determines the cost for taking advantage of one option over another. Break-even point determines if the project would contribute to the growth of the company. Capital budgeting technique uses different formulas for analysis of financial values to determine if a company should proceed with the planned investment or not. These formulas contain various parameters, and they have specific concepts. These parameters are Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and Payback method. Embedded concepts of these parameters helped me evaluating fully equipped facility cost. Capital budgeting technique requires calculating OCF. All three parameters; NPV, IRR, and Payback use OCF values. NPV evaluates present value of the future cash flows that the project generates during its life (â€Å"What is NPV†). In simple language if the value of money generated during the project life is higher that the initial investment, the project makes money. IRR determines (Mohr) the cost of return at which all cash inflows (revenues) equals the present value of cash outflows (initial investment plus any other expenses). In other way, it is the cost of capital at which NPV is zero. Hence, if IRR is higher than the cost of capital, the project is making money. Payback period calculates the length of the time it will take to get back company’s initial investment. In other words, this method defines how long would it take to get the investment money back. Theses three parameters tell me; (1) how long would it take to get the initial investment back, (2) how much money the

Journal 1 Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Journal 1 - Article Example They are identified by their wisdom, sincerity, authority and courage. They usually have human quality and strong commitment to their own ideologies and to those of their servants (Lopez, n.d). The first leadership I ever experienced in my life is the one that came from both my parents. All through my growth and development stages, my parents have been the core pillar of my understanding of what servant-leadership is. Looking up to them for being the first leaders I experienced in my life, they taught me how one could make a servant and a leader at the same time. In my teenage period when I ignored all that happened around me, never did they go wrong in ensuring that I remained respectful. They ensured that I was liable to my actions without compromising the love I had for them. That was wisdom, authority and courage they showed me. Being the first born in a family of six, I try frequently to emulating their leadership skill of sincerity, authority and courage down to my younger sibl ings. In my school life, I also met other leaders: Teachers and student leaders who showed love, provided good direction, made personal sacrifices and encouraged healthy competition among the people they led. My teachers ensured that order, justice and equality for all people could be best achieved through dialogue. Servant leaders develop logical and analytical skills taught in learning institutions. In schools we are taught on how to express unlimited liability for others. These include knowing one self, developing communities and use of power accordingly which make us become servant leaders (Lopez, n.d). I HAVE A DREAM Leaders make great personal sacrifice for the good of their servants. Wise leadership never depends on luck. Rather, it trusts its future to positive attitude, hard work, determination and endurance. There is no easy way to develop leaders. They must learn continually throughout their lives. It is in this context that Martin Luther’s dream of a country which is free of injustices and oppression came to be fulfilled. Martin Luther had a dream of his children living in a nation not judged by their skin color but by their character. True to his words, America is now a great nation and this is clearly depicted by their status as superpower country under a black president (King, n.d). As elaborated in the previous paragraph, self-knowledge enhances genuineness since being honest and open with others is difficult. Such individual qualities reinforce group quality and that is what leadership is all about. In a broader sense, we see the purpose of leadership embraces different values. These include creating a supportive environment where people can grow, live in peace and harmony with one another, promoting harmony with the Mother Nature thus sustainability for future generations, creating communities of shared responsibilities where all people, irrespective of color, age, race and social status matter. Ultimately, each person’s welfare and dignity is supported and valued. I was once a drama club leader in my school. When I sit back and reflect on how I led the drama group I come to realize that it is with such characters as self-knowledge, described by Martin Luther above, that I successfully managed reinforcing group quality that made the drama club a success. By the time I quit drama for other things, we already had like three trophies for our school. All these are characteristics

Reflection on research interview schedule Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reflection on research interview schedule - Essay Example I felt comfortable dealing with a semi-structured interview because it gives one freedom to modify questions to suit different contexts. In a structured interview, all respondents are strictly asked the same questions. Structured interviews are convenient when researching on highly professional research topics. The Gibbs reflection model was utilized to reflect on the interview (Van Audenhove, 2007). The research topic seemed to be very specific. The target population was limited to students pursuing the health promotion top-up degree. Proper preparation and implementation were essential for the successful conduction of this interview. Developing a good interview schedule was the main challenge. An appropriate manner was used in conducting the interview. Proper implementation of the interview was key to making the respondents comfortable. The use of prompts like ‘tell me more’ helped rip more information from the respondents. Interviewers projected a warm, kind and easy to talk to the character to the interviewees. Creating a conducive environment to conduct the interview contributed to the successful conduction of this interview (Seidman, 2012).   Creating the overall questions is the first step in designing an interview. The interviewer should ask him/herself, why am I doing this research? What are the students’ experiences on the health promotion top up degree? Then list the questions that cover the topic of study. After choosing the relevant questions, the interviewer can finally select an appropriate question format. When choosing a question format, it is important to ask open questions first. Starting an interview with personal questions can make the respondent feel uncomfortable and nervous. This way the respondent will not give accurate information (Carter and Mankoff, 2005). The results in terms of information derived from the respondents were

Many people become Obsessed with Appearance Essay

Many people become Obsessed with Appearance - Essay Example Obsession with appearance is often referred to as Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) or imagined ugliness in which an individual begins to notice flaws in their body design, such as facial features or body structure, until these thoughts become a long-term obsession (Phillips, Didie, Feusner and Wilhelm, 1112). Obsession generally involves a relatively harmless belief, based often on the aforementioned media influences including celebrity worship and plastic surgery-related media, which turns into a lasting fixation on the perceived problems and can lead to disastrous social consequences such as the inability to function in society. This obsession with appearance can also stem from the natural course of aging in which the skin begins to lose its elasticity, tooth begin to lose their bright white faà §ade, and lines begin to appear on the face around the eyes and mouth. Because society tends to create a portrait of perfection by which most members of society are expected to conform, in which youthful complexions are regarded as being satisfactory and aged appearance unsatisfactory, even older adults can become obsessed with appearance and find difficulty adjusting to social environments. Even though the aging process is a natural outcome of life experiences and decades of exposure to different elements, and many of their older peers share these same facial features, many people find it difficult to cope with the aging process and long for the days when their faces were youthful. These people who become obsessed with appearance are often drawn toward cosmetic surgery as a means to remove these fixations or, fail ing to act on the obsession, they face depressive disorders or have thoughts of suicide. Further, every human being maintains measurable levels of serotonin in their brains, which is a chemical neurotransmitter, which is, from a clinical perspective, highly important in regulating

Making financial decision based on financial decision Essay

Making financial decision based on financial decision - Essay Example Cash budget would allow the owner to analyse how much the company is earning and the investment and cash disbursement for the project. Cash disbursement is the outflows of cash. Cash receipts are the inflows of cash. The first investment opportunity that the company has is Quad Bikes. The ticket price for Quad Bikes has already been estimated by the owners and it is equal to $15. The cash budget for Quad Bikes showing the cash recipients and cash disbursement is as follows: The ticket price for Paint Ball has been estimated by the management of Hall Hill Farm and the price is expected to be $13. Using this price and other costs that have been estimated, the cash budget for the company for Paint Ball would be: The other major project and investment opportunity that the Farm has is to invest in Fish Hatchery which the management has been planning for some time. The price for fish hatchery has not been estimated by the management, however to prepare a cash budget the price is estimated to be $12. Using the price $12 for each of the visitor for fish hatchery, the cash budget would be: At the moment, the cash position of the Hall Hill Farm is unfavourable. Therefore it is important for the farm to analyse the loopholes in the cost structure and come up with strategies that could improve the current position. After analysing the cash budget of the company, it has been analysed that most of the costs of the company is the fixed cost and these costs are to be paid regardless of the earnings of the company. Therefore it is important for firm to expand its services and facilities so that more visitors are attracted and the revenue can be increased. One of the recommendations to improve the current cash position of the farm is to rent retailers outlets and shops at the farm. This would allow the farm to improve its revenues, as the farm has substantial space vacant. Besides allowing

The area of diversity management in the hospitality industry, Research Paper

The area of diversity management in the hospitality industry, - Research Paper Example In 2013, Professor Csaba argued that most organizations today are taking on initiatives to oversee a cultural diverse staff and achieve their objectives. In effect, these organizations acquire a position in world’s most competitive markets and create potential for most of their staff members (Csaba, 2013). This argument spawned from the observation that companies that deal with the challenge of overseeing workers from a range of cultural backdrops. The obligation to counter this challenge befalls managers and organization leaders. As a result, diversity management became an area of human resource management that Csaba saw relevant to the study (Csaba, 2013). Csaba justifies overseeing diversity at the workplace as a reality for all transnationals and globalized organizations. Tomà ¡s Valle Costa wrote that encouraging a surrounding without all kinds of discrimination is vital (Costa, 2012). Such a work setting does not favor people based on their age, ethnicity, nationality, gender, sexual orientation, or physical abilities. Costa says any hospitality organization ought to integrate the respect for other individuals’ difference in culture. An organization culture with this integration makes diversity management easier. The organization can then have a broad array of backdrops and perspectives that result in an improved decision-making process (Costa, 2012). Researcher Yi Gong agrees with Professor Csaba that cultural diversity is a â€Å"major issue† the American hospitality sector (Gong, 2008). Gong’s study concentrates on examining the transition encountered by hospitality workforces and the status of cultural diversity in these workplaces. The research paper examines these fields by debating opportunities, the advantages and demerits of a culturally varied staff, and offering feasible commendations that HR managers can use to tackle cultural variation effectively. Gong formed a module for HRM graduates seeking to

Video game controversy Essay Example for Free

Video game controversy Essay Introduction â€Å"FIFA†, â€Å"Battlefield†, â€Å"Grand Auto Theft†, these are some popular video games from the last decade. If you are born after 1990s, you definitely have heard or played one of these games. Video or computer games have rapidly growing for the last decade, especially for teenage boys, it is a necessity entertainment for them. As of 2001, roughly 79 percent of America’s youth played video games, many of them for at least eight hours a week. (Layton, Julia, 2008) However both mass media and researchers start to make concerns on that video games are affecting the behavior of our generation, of the way they think or distinguish things. So is video hazardous or is it just what the ideal public wanted it to be like? As for myself, I personally agree with what the media was concerning about. The main assumption the media are making is that video games are contributing inadequate message to teenagers, which made them receive information that they are not able to digest yet and let them believe the world in video games are the same as reality without any consequences. Gender inequality still happen? â€Å"In mass media, male characters appear more frequently, talk significantly more, and engage in noted behaviors more, such as achieving and showing leadership†(Thompson Zerbinos, 1995). Women are usually recognized as subordinate and passive dependent to men. (Yi Mou Wei Peng, 2008) Basically all the popular video games are made for men. â€Å"FIFA†, â€Å"NBA†, â€Å"Grand Auto Theft† are all men game, the first two are sports game, and there is girls leagues however they are not making for girls due to small market share so that they cannot have one sport game that using their favorite players to play instead have to play the men one or choose not to play. In the game â€Å"Biohazard†, the story line has one girl character, even so she is just a subordinate of the other men character, she needs to follow what the men order is and cannot work alone because men are the leader and they have the power. When teenagers play these sorts of games, they might tend to start not to respect girls since they saw in game that they have all the power and girls cannot overrule them. It is unlikely for teenagers to identify right or wrong when different resources have different answers. Gender stereotyping When you see a black man on the street, your natural reactions are to try to avoid any contact with them because deep in your mind, you have this image implied that they are most likely criminal. According to my research, black men are more likely to be portrayed as criminal; Asian men and girl are usually portrayed as culturally ignorant and submissive. (Yi Mou Wei Peng, 2008) In the game â€Å"Grand Auto Theft†, game character are mostly brown and black men, it hardly will be a white person, when you keep playing it, it will be likely that you have already convey this image that most of the brown and black men were bad people. In addition, teenagers who played a lot of video games received this image might easily get affected by it and will lose the chance to think critically, also lack of knowledge or direct contact with these race made their attitude stronger and have misunderstanding once they saw them. Starting from ancient time, women usually work as a prostitute. In Dietz’s (1998) study shows that women are likely generally in four stereotypes, which is sex objects or prizes, victims, feminine role or heroes and action character. It is not surprising that 28% of women character were portrayed as sex objects based upon physical appearance or sexually-oriented actions. (Yi Mou Wei Peng, 2008) You may argue that women are portrayed or treated as this were a while before, and it can trace back to long time ago, in addition it will not be because of video games. However, in a YouTube video that shows a video game named â€Å"Grand Auto Theft†, there is scene or gameplay that the character could find a hooker and have sexual conduct with him. (GTA 5 Sex with hooker, 2013)Children and Teenagers brains usually are still developing, and that made them more easily to receive whatever information they get from video games. In addition, it may lead to teenagers who are not mentally ready for it and will not be able to differentiate if it is logical or not. So this brings to my question before, does video games affect how women are portrayed? I would said it is, it is true that women got more attention and get respect more nowadays, but if they created this sort of scene in a video game, it means that they have no reflection. Also they have made the situation worse than before because they have insert scene, which should have a parent guide before teenagers play, in order to that, they let them to gain access to it way too easy and may eventually encourage them to start of prostituting. Dream or reality. â€Å"A game can be more fun when you get the chance to act and be like your ideal self† explained by social psychologist Dr. Andy Przybyisk. (Nauert, Rick, 2011) Studies have been said that people play video games to try and get close to an† ideal self† and not to escape reality is not true, allowing them to play a new identity will make themselves feel better such as increasing their self esteem. (Mail Outline, 2011) From my research, it said people do not watch television like playing video games. They interact with them; games are also based on reward system. So when we started played in video games, we may attach personally feelings and insensibly involved too much and start losing our true identity and eventually become very addict to the character in game and cannot extricate them. Since reward from these games are high and gamers might get what they cannot get in reality, the respect or the attention that they could not earned. That is why they want to seek all of this in game, in addition losing themselves in video games and might not even be able to know which one is reality or dream. One Taiwanese teenage played forty hours video game without eating and sleeping are a good example at how he is losing his own identity during his game. He is playing a game named â€Å"Diablo III†, which his identity character in the game do not need to eat or sleep. In addition time passed by so fast and he is extremely concentrated on adapting to his new identity, he completely forgot about reality, which later he cannot escape it anymore. (Andy, 2011) In conclusion, video games do affect a children growing healthily for now. However I do not think it will be a good idea to kick this entertainment away from teenagers. In the 1950s, lots of people blamed comic books for kids’ behavior, but look at where has it become now. â€Å"Batman†, â€Å"Superman†, â€Å"Iron Man†, these classic comic who once was getting blamed on turned into a great movie one after another. â€Å"Entertainment has always made a great scapecoat†. It has been blamed by years. Although I do agree that company need to carefully produce their product, I think that people have responsibility too. As I stated before, a teenagers died from playing over forty hours of game, to be honest, before doing anything you should have known where your limits are and you should been able to control it. It is similar to eating, if you eat or drink way over what your body should absorb then for sure you will get fat or diabetes from it. However at this moment It has derivative too big of a problem that makes people worry about such as shootings from The United States, teenagers died from gaming a numerous time. I understand it is nearly impossible to control every bodies mind, despite that; company should create games that could pursuit our happiness and at the same time be responsible to the society. Point being is to balance the work that they are doing, mass media are always concerns about public safety, if the public are getting threatened by it, they will use all of their power to try tear you apart, media influence is extremely strong, so if they can show a good balance between games and society, when they got trust then video games will definitely last forever as a good entertainment to teenagers. Yi Mou Wei Peng(2008). Gender and Racial Stereotypes in Popular Video Games IGI Global, 922-937 GTA 5 Sex with a hooker (2013). Retrieved from http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=VM1d5icyHVA Layton,Julia(2008) â€Å"Do violent video games lead to real violence? † HowStuffworks Retrieved from http://electronics. howstuffworks. com/video-game-violence. htm Nauert, Rick (2011) â€Å" Playing with Personality and esteem in video games† Psychcentral. Retreived from http://psychcentral. com/news/2011/08/04/playing-with-personality-and-esteem-in-video-games/28349. html Kilhefner, Johnny(2013) â€Å"Identity Crisis: The Search for Character and Self in Videogames†. Retrieved from http://www. popmatters. com/feature/163393-dolls-and-characters-in-video-games/ â€Å"Video gamers play to ‘adopt’ a new identity and experience superpowers(2011) MailOnline. Retrieved from.

The Global Hunt for Edward Snowden Essay Example for Free

The Global Hunt for Edward Snowden Essay The wild flight of the fugitive leaker — from Hong Kong to the transit area of Moscow’s Sherymetyvo Airport, and perhaps on to Ecuador — has turned into a public humiliation for the White House. U.S. officials publicly threatened â€Å"consequences† if Snowden wasn’t returned, only to be openly rebuffed by Chinese officials and Russia’s Vladimir Putin. This made embarrassingly clear how little leverage President Obama has in Moscow or Beijing (and how much wiser it would have been to request Snowden’s return in private). Most disturbing, the Snowden affair has enabled some of the world’s worst human rights offenders to portray themselves as champions of freedom by defending Snowden while denouncing America as a massive violator of rights. China’s Xinhua news agency branded the United States as â€Å"the biggest (cyber) villain in our age.† Russian parliamentarians did likewise. You might think that such self-righteous claims would be dismissed as political posturing. Yet in today’s world, with America’s image sullied by Abu Ghraib and Guantanamo, and by our paralyzed politics, these charges can find a receptive audience, not only abroad but at home. So let’s look at the records of the countries that are offering Snowden the greatest support. For starters, there is something bizarre about the list. While Snowden claims to be defending personal freedoms, he has sought shelter from egregious violators of human rights, including China, Russia, Cuba, Venezuela and Ecuador. Whatever his motives, this lends an air of hypocrisy to his claims. He took refuge in Hong Kong, which is part of China, whose leaders control the country’s Internet portals, block content and monitor individual access. The Chinese censor print and electronic media and have â€Å"the largest recorded number of imprisoned journalists and cyber-dissidents in the world,† according to Amnesty International. Chinese government hackers have conducted massive commercial and military espionage in the United States (and presumably elsewhere) and even breached Google’s computers. Beijing is obviously delighted that it can fend off U.S. complaints by claiming America does likewise. Such charges are bogus — and they know it. Whatever your opinion about the National Security Agency’s surveillance programs, the fact is that Congress OK’d them and set up special courts to monitor them. The U.S. public can debate whether the controls should be tightened, and demand change. In China, no Congress or courts govern surveillance nor can Chinese citizens oppose it. Government hackers break into the software of international companies such as Apple to steal industrial secrets — on a massive scale. As Obama noted, that’s not normal intelligence gathering; â€Å"that’s theft.† Then there’s Russia, where the state controls all major newspapers and national TV networks, which are still the major news source for the bulk of the population. Journalists are beaten up or murdered, and the perpetrators, conveniently, are never found. Political dissenters are cowed, arrested, or driven into exile. So when Putin praises Snowden as a â€Å"human rights activist† who â€Å"struggles for freedom of information,† it’s hard not to gag. Any Russian who did similarly would wind up in the gulag or worse. Snowden’s final destination — possibly Ecuador via Venezuela — is equally odd for a defender of freedom. As pointed out by Bill Sweeney, editorial director of the Committee to Protect Journalists, Venezuela has shut down independent broadcasters via a system of politicized regulations. As for Ecuador, its populist president, Rafael Correa, has criminalized reporting that is critical of his government — and prosecuted journalists who attempt it. That brings us to the heart of the matter. Snowden’s saviors have seized a delicious opportunity to deflect U.S. criticism of their own cyberattacks and rights violations by branding the United States as the real sinner. Dogged by images from Abu Ghraib and Guantanamo, Washington has become an easy target. Even some allies have tired of America’s human rights demands (which are readily ignored when strategic concerns trump them, as in Syria). So, critics of American hubris may cheer when Putin praises Snowden — or when the People’s Daily proclaims that Snowden â€Å"tore off Washington’s sanctimonious mask.† It’s necessary to remind them: The countries helping Snowden aren’t doing so because they dislike spying. On the contrary. They don’t want limits on their own surveillance, just on ours.

The Effects of Athlete Self-Confidence

The Effects of Athlete Self-Confidence 2.0 Introduction The purpose of this review is to provide a critical analysis of the available literature on sources, levels and importance of self confidence. It explores theories relating to self-confidence and the various measurements that have been used in recent years to assess this construct. The focus of the review will aim to analyse firstly self confidence and the importance of it among sport performers, it will highlight various studies and identify that self confidence is spilt into constructs, which in turn leads on to identifying self efficacy and sport confidence. The review will also look at different sources of sport confidence and which are most salient to elite and non elite athletes, and finally it will give a brief rationale to why the study is being taken out. 2.1 Self confidence Defining self-confidence within the sport psychology literature has emerged as a difficult issue (Taylor Wilson, 2005). However, Vealey and Chase (2008) defined self-confidence as the belief in ones abilities to achieve success, and is often identified as an important mental skill for success in sport by those individuals engaging in competitive sports, including both athletes and coaches. Self confidence is suggested to be the paramount contributor and the most critical cognitive factor affecting an athelets success (Spink,1990). Similarly, (Vealy et al 1998), suggests that self confidence is widely accalaimed by theorists, researchers, and practioniers as the most critical psychological characteristic influencing a sport performance. This ultimately suggests that self confidence is a subject topic central in influencing an athletes performance and in turn crucial in investigation. Lirgg (1991) similarly to Vealey (1998) stated that Self-confidence has been the subject of much research in recent years in the sport psychology literature (p,294-310). The perception of ones own abilities has been frequently cited as a mediated construct in attainment strivings and as a psychological factor affecting athletic performance. One of the most important relationship is between confidence and performance, from past literature Weinbourg Gould (2003,p,311) state is clear that there is a positive relationship between confidence and performance (Vealey 2001), however the factors affectiong this relationship are less known. Factors such as organizational culture, gender and age have been suggested as important. Taking into account relationships confidence has with different mediating factors, it is also important to recognise it as a complicated construct. Confidence has been operationalized in numerous ways (Feltz, 1988). It has been categorised into constructs such as self-efficacy (Bandura, 1986, 1977), perceived competence, sport-confidence(Vealey,1986 Vealey 1998 et al), expectancies (Rotter, 1954), and movement confidence (Griffin Keough, 1982) these have all been proposed as measuring an individuals perception of his or her abilities (Lirgg 1991). Self confidence affects the way one feels, thinks and behaves, and thus has an important influence upon sporting performance, Bandura.,(1997) Jones and Hanton,(2001). Self confidence might be something one feels one day therefore unstable or it may be part of oness personality. It has been thought by Clifton Gill, (1994) that a high level of self confidence is one of the most consistently reported psychological characteristics of elite athletes ( p,150). However, despite claims about the importance of self confidence to performance, Feltz (2007) declares that its relationship with performance has not been clear in much of the sport science research in turn suggesting areas for development in research. However in contrary to Feltz (2007) a psychological research study conducted by Jones et al (1994) and Edwards Hardy (1996) illustrate the importance of high levels of confidence in athletes success. The research presented a positive correlation between self confidence and skilled performers, however it is still in debate as to whether the relationship perceived is a casual or a direct one (Feltz 1988). Taking into account this literature review, it was copiously apparent that during conducting interviews Jones Hardy found that within athletes minds, self confidence was extrememly significant especially if they were to attain the levels of performance which they sought (Jones,Hardy Gould 1996). This in turn reinforces the consequence of self confidence on performance and how it must be present if success is required. An additional study that has been conducted to emphasise self confidence in athletes is Mahoney et al (1987) who carried out an experiment which identified psychologic al skills in elite and non elite performers. There use of instrumentation was a questionnaire they issued it to 713 athletes from 23 sports, the results proved that elite performers had higher and more stable levels of self confidence than the non elite athletes therefore was suggested that there were major differences factoring between elite and non elite performers. Another theory surrounding the notion of self confidence was founded by Feltz (2007) who identified the self concept theory, he emphasises that even though a number of terms are associated to self-confidence it should, however not be confused with the construct, and that Self-concept represents an amalgamated view of oneself that is developed during evaluative experiences and social interactions. In congruence with what Bandura has previously distinguished, Fetlz (2007) also recognizes however, that a global self-concept will not envisage the intra-individual variability in performance as well as self-confidence discernment which vary across activities and circumstances. Within the domain of self confidence there appears to be two main approaches to the study and measurement of self confidence in sport: sport confidence and self-efficacy. Sport confidence (Vealey, 1986) refers to the belief that an athlete possesses about his or her ability to be successful in sport in general (trait sport confidence) and in specific sport competitions (state sport confidence). Self-efficacy (Bandura, 1986) refers to an individuals belief in his or her capabilities to be successful in executing specific tasks and skills in specific situations, and is measured in terms of the strength, level, and generality of self-efficacy. Banduras (1986) self efficacy theory and Vealeys (1986) sport confidence model present quite diverse approaches to confidence. Self efficacy is very much a situation specific conceptuilaistion in comparison to the sport confidence model which is far more generalised. An explicit strength that the sport confidence model exemplifies is is its parsim onious approach, this is proven on the basis that its logical and in turn an accurate tool for sport psychologists to use. However at a more contextual level the specificity of self efficacy can be used more efficiently. Feltz and Chase (1998) stated that Vealeys notion of sport-confidence shares similarities with Banduras conceptualization of self-efficacy on the basis that they are both built around the social cognitive theory. Subsequently, both can be regarded as cognitive mechanisms through which individuals mediate their motivation and behavior within a goal context. 2.2 Self efficacy: Self efficacy is an identifiable and important attribute within sport. Coaches, players and psycholoigists all recognize the power-full and imperative effects that this psychological construct can have on behaviour, feelings and thoughts (Feltz,short Sullivan 2008) . It is important to understand that expectation of efficacy will by no means produce a desired performance, providing that the component cabilities are lacking. A study that has become increasingly accepted is that of Banduras (1977) self efficacy theory, this theory was initially progressed within the construct of social cognitive theory (Feltz Chase,1998). The theory proclaims that individual self confidence derives from self efficacy levels. Self efficacy simply represents a form of situation specific to self confidence (Hardy ,Jones Gould,1996). Feltz states that the terms self confidence and self efficacy have been used to describe ones perceived capability to accomplish a certain level of performance. Bandura defines self efficacy as; The conviction one has, to execute successfully, the behaviour required to produce a certain outcome and thus, can be considered a situational specific slef confidence. Whereas, Vealey (1986). Defines self efficacy as the belief or degree of certainty individuals possess about their ability to be successful in sport (p.222). Short Stewart (2008, p223) states that Self-efficacy is defined as beliefs in ones capabilities to organise and execute the courses of action required to produce given attainments (Bandura, 1997: p.3). Both self confidence and self efficacy relate to individuals perceived capability to aquire a certain level of perfromace (Bandura, 1986; Feltz, 1988). The fundamental principle surrounding the self efficacy theory is that different levels of self efficacy in turn predict actual performance assuming that necessary skills and incentives are present ( Weiss, Weise and Kilint 1989). Self-efficacy is not considered, by Bandura (1977, 1986, 1997), to be a synonym for self-confidence. However, many people concerned in area of sport psychology often use the terms interchangeably since the latter is far more familiar to athletes and those not in the academic arena. Short and Stewart (2008) claim that Bandura (1997) prefers the use of self-efficacy over self-confidence ( p.224). In relation to athletes Hardy, Jones and Gould (1999) suggest that elite athletes with high levels of self efficacy put under a high pressured situation should in turn allow them to maintain their commitments to difficult goals, and increase persistence. This will in turn allow them to attribute their failure to unstable factors appose to stable factors this therefore can draw comparison with how non elite athletes attribute their failure which inturn are down to factors such as; stable factors. Different people who inhabit similar skills such as an elite athelte, or undeniably the same person under different situations might perform poorly, adequately or exceptionally well depending upon fluctuation in their personal effeicacy beliefs (Hays et al, 2007). This is sustained by Bandura (1997) who states that self efficacy beliefs are an important contributor to performance accomplishments, whatever the underlying skill of the performer is (Hays et al 2007). Similar to other subject topics in sport psychology the focus of self-efficacy research studies has varied over time and is reflective of the paradigmatic evolution of the field, Short Sterwart (2008). Bandura (1997) states that the study of self efficacy beliefs in sport should not be limited to physical proficiency it can include all aspects of performance, like game situations, selecting effective strategies, predicting opponents actions, using imagery, managing pressure and distractions. Bandura (1977) questioned how efficacy beliefs are formed, Bandura (1997) theorizes that they are a creation of an intricate process of self appraisal and self persuasion that therefore depends on cogniotive processing. He then branded these sources as past performance accomplishments, Vicarious experiences, Verbal persuasion and Emotional arousal. According to Bandura (1986, 1997) past performance accomplishments is said to be the most significant source of efficacy information for athletes because they are based on their own experiences. There has been overwhelming support for the influence of past performance accomplishments on self-efficacy beliefs (Short Stewart, 2009). Moritz et al. (2000) established, that as an athelete increases thier experience on a specific task over time, performance consequently develops into a stronger predictor of self-efficacy than self-efficacy is of performance. Secondly there is Vicarious experiences, this is derived through observing and comparing oneself with others or with norms (Feltz et al., 2008). It is apparent that through sport, athletes will always be sizing themselves up against other athletes (Short Stewart, 2009). An example of this is based on Weinberg et al. (1980) results, Bandura claimed that a formidable-looking opponent instils lower efficacy beliefs than does one who loo ks less impressive (1997: 18). Consequently, an opponent who appears intimidating will as a result cause their opponents efficacy beliefs to instantly decrease in comparison to an opponent who did not exhibit those qualities. Another source of efficacy, verbal persuasion, takes place when significant others express their support for ones capabilities to succeed. This can comprise of, coaches positive feedback, parents encouragement, and self-talk. Verbal persuasion is an essential factor in motivating individuals to persist in their efforts, if persuaders assessment is within realistic bounds, although on its own is limited (Bandura, 1977). The last source is, physiological efficacy this can manipulate self-efficacy, due to the association people make between the level of physiological arousal/specific emotions and their performances. To illustrate this, an athlete can associate nervousness (e.g. sweaty palms) with a bad performance, feeling nervous about a game could lower his/her self-confidence. Therefore as a result of this it is apparent, that how arousal is interpreted by an athlete influences peoples self-efficacy. Performance accomplishments Vicarious experience Verbal persuasion Emotional arousal Efficacy expectations Maddux (1995) and Schunk (1995) have since proposed there are six sources of efficacy predictors. They have created a separate category for imaginal experiences instead of including it as part of vicarious experiences and have split physiological states from emotional states. Thus, developments from Banduras (1997) self-efficacy theory have led to more sport specific models being introduced (Vealey, 1986, 1998). 2.3 Vealeys Conceptual Model of Sport Confidence Although the theory surrounding self efficacy advanced the area of self confidence enormously it was applied through the wide field of clinical psychology. Vealey (1986) proposed a more applicable and conceptualised model, which has been evidently expanded within the discipline of sport psychology. Vealey believed that the sport confidence model would allow for a more consistent prediction of behaviour across the diverse sporting situations. Delving in more depth in to the subject topic of sport confidence shows that there are three constructs. Firstly trait sport confidence this is considered by (Weinbourg Gould 1999,p,286) the belief or degree of certainty individuals usually posess about their ability to be successful in sport A trait in an individuals personality is predominately stable. Then secondly state sport confidence is (Vealey, 1986, p. 223). state sport confidecnce which is defined as the belief or degree of certainty individuals possess at one particular moment about their ability to be successful in To further this model an extra construct was added, which is comepteive orientation, this progresses from the proposal that success means different things to different people. This construct accounts for individual differences in defining success in sport (Vealey,1988). Competitive orientation was incorporated within the model based on Maehr and Nicholls (1989) idea that success equates to different things and subsequently to different people. Vealey (1998) predicted that SC-trait interacts with competitive goal orientation to elicit a SC-state that directly influences behaviour and performance. Vealey developed three tools in which would allow to test the relationship shows within the model; firstly the state sport confidence inventory (SSCI), Trait sport confidence inventory (TSCI), and the competitive orientation inventory (COI). It has also become apparent that researchers have used the competitive state anxiety inventory-2 (CSAI2), to measure confidence levels in sport situation. A limitation of Vealeys (1986) conceptual model of sport confidence was that it withdrew from compriseing social and organisational factors on the development of athletes. For example, significant others such as coaches and families can have an momentous impact on many athletes confidence levels and research has supported that perceived cultural appropriateness of an activity has been shown to affect confidence levels in males and females (Clifton Gill, 1994; Lirgg, 1991; Lirgg et al., 1996). Vealey et al. (1998) suggested that athletes rely on sources of confidence depending on the activity they are engaged in. Therefore a new model was proposed by Vealey (1998). 2.4 Sources of sport confidence There have been two programmes of research that have investigated the sources of sport confidence. Sources of sport confidence can be defined as the sources that athletes use for judgment of their confidence, for example, where they derive their confidence from. Firstly, Vealeys model of sport confidence which was originally developed over 20 years ago, has now been refined to include sources of sport confidence. The model predicts that demographic, personality characteristics and organizational culture can influence athletes sources of sport confidence. Demographic characteristics include any personal characteristics, such as: age, sex, type of sport. Personality characteristics, attitudes and values of athletes comprise of competitive orientation and self-esteem. The organizational variables encompass motivational climate, competitive level, types of sport, goals, structural expectation of particular sport programmes (Vealey, 2001). Secondly Hay et al.s (2007) recently published a qualitative study on the sources and types of confidence in sport. Short et al (2008) drew comparisons and similarities with Banduras theory of self-efficacy (see table 1). In addition, they also contain unique sources that are specific to athlete populations. The connotation of investigating the sources of confidence in sport has been speculated to have practical and theoretical implications. Firstly theoretically, these sources provide a foundation for levels of self-confidence and subsequent affect (e.g., how an athlete feels), cognition (e.g., what athletes think about during sport) and behaviours (e.g., how an athlete responds). Then looking from a practical standpoint, self-confidence is viewed by numerous athletes as unstable; this over time would seem to be a function of the sources upon which confidence is based (Vealey Sinclair, 1987). It is crucial therefore that when assesing athletes that the investigator identifies the most important aspects to the athlete, before intervening to enhance that confidence. In Short Stewarts (2008) chapter it is identified that Vealey et al (1998) sought to recognize the sources of sport confidence for athletes. Her data was based on samples of high school and intercollegieate athletes. This instantly draws comparison with Hays et al (2007) who sought after sources and types of confidence for identified world class performers. Nevertheless they both illustrate similarities between each other as they both sought after the most important and most valued sources of sport confidence employed and utlised by athletes within a sporting context (shortStewart, 2008). During a study of 500 high school and collegiate athletes from a variety of sports, Vealey et al. (1998) identified nine sources of confidence. These were mastery (i.e., improving or mastering skills), demonstration of ability (i.e., demonstrating or showing off abilities to the opponents), physical/mental preparation (i.e., feeling physically and mentally prepared for competition), physical self-presentation (i.e., ones physical self-image), social support (i.e., perceiving support, positive feedback and encouragement from significant others in sport), vicarious experience (i.e., watching others perform successfully), coachs leadership (i.e., believing coaches leadership abilities), environmental comforts (i.e., familiar with surroundings in environment) and situational favourableness (i.e., feelings that situations are going their way) (see table 1). It is apparent that these sources overlap with the sources that were identified by Bandura (1997) highlighted in the self-efficacy th eory, though are more specific to the context of competitive sport, and also see that there is similairites with Hay et al (2007). Vealey et al. (1998) further examined which sources were the best predictors of sport confidence levels. Futhermore within Vealeys study it was found that several sources were deemed more important than others such as; physical/mental preparation,social support and mastery among was rated in their top five. Vealey also found that other characteristics had an impact on the sources, Vealey identified an aspect such as gender affected the salience of the sources of sport confiedence, (Vealey et al 1998). These nine sources formed the sub-scale structure of the Sources of Sport Confidence Questionnaire (SSCQ; Vealey et al., 1998). Presently, the SSCQ is the only questionnaire designed to assess athletes sources of confidence. Nevertheless, justification for the SSCQ is based upon high school and collegiate athletes and therefore can not be generalised for all athletic groups. Wilson et al.s (2004) study considered the sources of sport confidence in master athletes and even though results were similar, it was infact unsuccessful in replicating the nine sources of confidence in Vealeys et al. (1998) SSCQ. As an alternative then, there were fewer items and the situational favourableness factor was removed. Participants in phase four competed in a team sport. This inventory does not compute self-confidence as a multidimensional construct as it only accounts for the sources of sport confidence, and also does not take into account different types of sport confidence that is evident in more recent research on world class athletes (Hays et al., 2007). Hays et al (2007) suggested that the organisational culture of world class sport differed from other results within previous studies taken out by psychologists such as Magyar Duda,(2000) where they used intercollegiate athletes. It was proven that they differed in terms of where their confidence derived from and whether it is from alternative sources. Flecther,Hanton Mellalieu,(2006) who also identify that organizational culture of world class sport, reinforce that it is likely to differ significantly from that of high school athletes, due to reasons such as; world class athletes are constantly being subjected to additional organizational stressors that will most probably not be present in lower level competition, Hays et al (2007, p436). Demaine and Short (2007) also conducted a study on the sources of sport confidence to examine differences in the sources of sport confidence according to sport involvement factors (i.e., age, total years playing, playing time and athletic scholarship). Participants used were 265 female college basketball players they completed the TSCI and SCI. It became evident thro Results showed that the most popular sources, in order, were: social support, coaches leadership, physical and mental preparation, mastery, demonstration of ability, vicarious experience, environmental comfort, situational favourableness and physical self-presentation. The sources identified by athletes did not differ according to the sport-involvement factors; however, these variables together predicted sport confidence. All of the studies identified in this section refer to quantitative methods. More recently qualitative methodologies have been adopted. 2.5 Individual Differences As well as the research analysed above, many studies have been conducted to understand individual differences such as gender, performance level, and sport type. Results from studies that scrutinize gender difference in self-confidence have been ambiguous. Several studies present that male athletes demonstrate a higher self-confidence than female athletes (Meyers LeUnes, 1996; Trafton et al., 1997), yet, other studies account that there is no apparent gender difference (Cox Whaley, 2004; Perry Williams, 1998). Even though the disparity in the level of confidence between male and female still is uncertain, gender difference seems to subsist in sources of confidence. Within the study by Vealey et al. (1998), females perceived social support and physical self-presentation as more important than the male participants. Previous studies have supported this (e.g., Jones et al., 1991). Hays et al.s (2007) and Gill (1998) studies established that in fact male athletes sources of confidence centred around competitive outcomes. In contrast, the females identified good personal performances as a source of their confidence. However, looking aside from gender and any other characteristic said to affect ones self confidence, Williams (2006) states that if athlete is sufficiently motivated and have become aware of the relationships between their thoughts and behaviour they can in turn develop their self confidence. Self confidence is not only critical to sport performance but also to central to a wide array of behaviours in the wider world out side of sport. An additional individual difference is skill level, it can have a immense influence on levels of self-confidence. Early research conducted by Mahoney et al. (1977) established that the level of pre-competition self-confidence was one of the important differences between US gymnasts. It was reported that the Olympic qualifiers alleged higher, more stable levels of self-confidence in comparison to non-elite athletes. Studies by George (1994) and McPherson (2000); have also supported this statement. Another investigation by Perry and Williams (1998) looked into to the comparison of levels of confidence within different skill levels of tennis players (novice, intermediate, advanced). It was found that the advanced skilled level athletes had significant higher self-confidence than that of the intermediate and novice skilled athletes, however the difference between novice and intermediate athletes deemed no noteworthy difference. A study more recently investigated by Hays et al.s (2007) ex plored how important world class performers rated self confidence. It was exposed that for them have a sense of feeling self-confidence in turn was associated with a triumphant sporting performance, therefore when experiencing low levels of sport confidence, the athletes were probable to a poor performance. It is noticeable that Elite studies principally engage in male athletes (Gill, 1992) and therefore more studies including females would be desired. 2.6 Rationale The literature that has been conversed in this chapter demonstrates the predominate finding that those who possess high levels of confidence are more likely to be successful. The early quantitative research of Vealey has been used as a foundation of sport confidence, recently Hays et al (2007) identified the need for specific research to be specific to elite and non elite athletes. Individual differences such as gender, sport types and performance levels need further investigation. It is therefore the intention of the author to illustrate a comparison of elite and non-elite female netball players of their sources and levels of confidence along side with how important they deem it. It has been devised to try and illustrate the diversity between an athlete who plays under high pressure and strict regime to a player who plays socially, training once a week and occasionally competing in friendly games. Vealey (2001) suggests that more research is needed to fully understand how self confi dence is manifested in the unique context of sport (Hays et al, 2007, p,436).This therefore has a direct impact of the study being taken out as Netball is predominately female led and in relation to the study only female participants will take part. Hypothesis That elite will have higher levels of self confidence and non elite and that elite athelets will rate different sources of self confidence higher and lower than that of non elite ethelets and that there should be a considerable difference

College Admissions Essay: The Turning Point -- College Admissions Essa

The Turning Point Probably the most important turning point in my life happened in 1992. At this time, I was eight years old and living in Williamsport Pennsylvania. My dad had a well-paying job at Anchor Darling Valve Company, I was attending a parochial school and I thought life was just great. At the time we lived in a large four-story house with a separate three-story garage and an acre of forest for a backyard. I had a ten-speed bicycle and I would often go bicycling with my friends at the nearby cemetery. No-one ever objected to this, in fact people would often have picnics at the top of this hill at the cemetery. I guess the only things I ever complained about were the constant music lessons and practice sessions my parents subjected me to. Life was great until my dad came home one day with bad news. As it turned out, his well-paying company was downsizing and they had to let him go. Well, I didn't think much of it at the time. "So he'd get a new job," I thought. Well anyway, he took out his resume and started mailing away. Oh well, life goes on. Well soon enough companies began to take interest in him and he decided to join a company called Cellular One (which would later be bought by ATT and become ATT Wireless Services). So what was the catch? Well, Cellular One's offices are based in Pittsburgh which is not exactly an easy commute from Williamsport. "Carlos, we will have to move, but it won't happen for a while. We'll make sure you finish the school year and besides, I still have to look for a job in Pittsburgh too," my mom told me. Somehow, although I knew my parents had many friends in Williamsport,... ...ttsburgh than I would have ever been able to in Williamsport. I learned how to ski and rock climb, things I became good at and still do today. I also suddenly had a deep appreciation for music. This was something I had never had, now all of a sudden, I actually practiced when I was supposed to (this probably had something to do with the new music teachers). I also took up karate again and eventually earned my black belt. I realized that Williamsport was actually a dull place to live in and the only things I really missed were my friends and the house. Before I knew it, we had lived in Pittsburgh for six years and although it may not be the best place to live in, it has opened up a whole world of opportunities to me. That was something I may never have gotten if I had stayed in Williamsport or if I had continued to move around.

Programming :: essays research papers

Question 1 (1 point) True/false evaluation is "natural" from the computer's perspective because computer circuitry consists of two states. a. True b. False Save answer Bottom of Form Question 2 (1 point) It is considered trivial to compare two constants. a. True b. False Save answer Bottom of Form Question 3 (1 point) The logical AND is usually a binary operator that requires a complete Boolean expression on each side. a. True b. False Save answer Bottom of Form Question 4 (1 point) An AND decision is when one condition must be met or some other condition must be met for the event to take place. a. True b. False Save answer Bottom of Form Question 5 (1 point) You should never ask a question if there is only one possible answer or outcome. a. True b. False Save answer Bottom of Form Question 6 (1 point) When you combine AND and OR operators, the OR operators take precedence. a. True b. False Save answer Bottom of Form Question 7 (1 point) A case structure allows you to substitute a series of selections. a. True b. False Save answer Bottom of Form Question 8 (1 point) Some programs require multiple decisions to produce the correct output. a. True b. False Save answer Bottom of Form Question 9 (1 point) The part of the decision that executes when the tested condition is false is the __________ decision. a. if b. then c. else d. then-else Save answer Bottom of Form Question 10 (1 point) Each programming language supports its own set of __________ operators that express Boolean tests. a. logical comparison b. arithmetic c. logic d. organization Save answer Bottom of Form Question 11 (1 point) A compound, or AND, decision requires a __________ decision. a. if b. or c. nested d. tiered Save answer Bottom of Form Question 12 (1 point) When one or the other of two conditions is true, this is called a(n) __________ decision. a. AND b. AND/OR c. OR d. OR/AND Save answer Bottom of Form Question 13 (1 point) A path that can never be traveled is known as a dead or __________ path. a. unreachable b. unusable c. closed d. useable Save answer Bottom of Form Question 14 (1 point) How many AND and OR statements can you combine in most programming languages? a. one b. two c. three d. as many as you need Save answer Bottom of Form Question 15 (1 point) Case structures are used when you have a series of __________ based on the value stored in a single variable. a. functions b. decisions c. models d. identifiers Save answer Bottom of Form Question 16 (1 point) Which of the following is not a part of a decision table? a. conditions b. possible combinations of Boolean values for the conditions c. possible actions based on the Boolean values d. the actions that correspond to each Boolean value of each condition Save answer

Theraputic Hypothermia Essay -- Health Medicine Medical Essays Researc

Theraputic Hypothermia Hypothermia, defined as a core body temperature less than 95  °F(35 °C) occurs when heat loss exceeds the body’s heat production. (Ruffolo p.47) Thermal stability in humans depends on the body’s ability to adapt to changes in internal and external temperatures. Heat is transferred throughout tissues and fat, and is released at a rate directly related to the temperature of the environment through radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hypothermia is typically seen as a bad thing; however, various studies have been proving it to be very useful. Traumatic brain injury initiates several metabolic processes that can exacerbate the injury. There is evidence that hypothermia may limit some of these deleterious metabolic responses. In a randomized controlled trial researchers compared the effect of moderate hypothermia and normhypothermia in 82 patients with severe closed head injuries (score of 3 to 7 on the Glasgow Coma Scale) The patients assigned to hypothermia were cooled to 33 degrees C an average of 10 hours after injury, kept at 32 degrees to 33 degrees C for 24 hours, and then re-warmed. A specialist in physical medicine and rehabilitation who was unaware of the treatment assignments evaluated the patients 3, 6, and 12 months later with the use of the Glasgow Outcome Scale. The demographic characteristics, causes, and severity of injury were similar in the hypothermia group and the normothermia groups. At 12 months 62% of the patients in the hypothermia group and 38% in the normothermia had good outcomes (moderate, mild, or no disabilities). The researchers concluded that â€Å"Treatment with moderate hypothermia for 24hours in patients with severe traumatic brain injury and coma scores of 5 to 7 hastened neurological recovery and may have improved the outcome. (Marion et all)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Two studies done (one in Australia and the other in Europe) showed the therapeutic value in survivors cardiac arrest. In the Australian study, which involved 77 patients who remained comatose after the restoration of spontaneous circulation, 49% of those treated with hypothermia were discharged home or into a rehabilitation facility compared to the 26% of those not treated with hypothermia. There were no significant differe... ...tion fluids, preparation solution, or baths can contribute to heat loss. Ruffolo Evaporation is the transfer of heat to the air from moist skin or mucous membranes. It occurs through wet skin, open body cavities and the respiratory tract. References (Works Cited) Ruffolo, Daria. www.rnweb.com. Vol. 65 No. 2. February 2002 Marion, DW et all. â€Å"Treatment of traumatic brain injury with moderate hypothermia†, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. Safar, Peter & Patrick Kochanek. â€Å"Therapeutic Hypothermia After Cardiac Arrest†. New England Journal of Medicine, February 21, 2002 p.612-613 Holzer, Michael. â€Å"Mild Therapeutic Hypothermia To Improve The Neurologic Outcome After Cardiac Arrest.† New England Journal of Medicine, February 21, 2002 p.549 Clifton, Guy et all. â€Å"Lack of Effect of Induction of Hypothermia After Acute Brain Injury† New England Journal of Medicine. February 22, 2002. p.556 Rose, Victoria. â€Å"Children Recover Faster Than Adults From Accidental Or Therapeutic Hypothermia†. www.docguide.com. July 23, 2001 Unknown Author, â€Å"Reducing Brain Temperature May Benefit At-Risk Newborns† http://www.pslgroup.com/dg/4E73E.htm, December 17, 1997

Different kinds of festivals Essay

In a year we have celebrated different kinds of festivals.Sometimes,we do celebrate festivals following our religion.Different religions have different festivals to celebrate.Festival are celebrated in a grand way and gives much joy. The same thing goes for me.I am a Hindu and I celebrate many festivals.The best festival I have ever experienced is Deepavali.Deepavali comes on the month of November and it is usually on the second week of the month.Deepavali is known as the festival of lights for the Hindus. Last year,my family and I celebrated Deepavali at our grandparent’s house.After we woke up,we had to take an oil bath which was massaged from the head down to our toes.Then, we wore our new traditional clothes,dhoti and sari.We got ready to go to the temple near the house. The priest in the temple made a special offering and prayers to the God on this special day. After prayers in the temple,we went back home.A fe w minutes later,my relatives and neighbours came to our house.My grandmother served them with scrumptious traditional food.For instance,murukku,vadai,and tose.They really enjoyed their food and they said it was very tasty. Before the guest left the house,my grandfather gave them â€Å"ang pows†.I was really shocked because throughout I know only Chinese gave â€Å"ang pows† during their festival,Chinese New Year but I never knew that Indiansdid that too. Then, it was time to take our lunch.My father prepared some banana leaves to use as plates.It had really a different taste when eating from a banana leaf.It really potraits a traditional style. In the evening,we packed our things to get ready to go back home.We really missed our grandparents because they were the only ones who celebrated Deepavali in a special way. Among all the Hindu festival,I think the last Deepavali was the best festival I had ever experienced.I like the way they celebrate the festival with lighting up lights around their house.It shows that our life always brightens with ha

Relationship Between Teacher And Students

Similarly harmonizing to Moloi et Al. ( as cited in Mtika & A Gates, 2010 ) , gathering pretend is nonp aril of the proposals that can be utile in student-centered attacks. It does non yet supporter pupils to discourse and draw popular opinions with each other, merely it besides helps to split up pupils apprehension of some constructs and develop their communication accomplishments. In the student-centered give pedagogicsroom, the instructor has to believe of pupils demands and the educateroom is considered as a topographic creator taper where pupils work together, in multitudes and as persons by promoting them to lift out portion in the sk ailment surgical operation all told the cut short ( Jones, 2007 ) . In the student-centered schoolroom, the instructor should cognize about their pupils background. Teachers should watch what they may cognize or pip non cognize about their pupils because it helps to make the schoolroom conditions that argon antip honal to the hear oning demands of the pupils ( Hodson, 2002 ) . Further more(prenominal), in societal constructivist classrooms the relationship surrounded by instructor and pupils argon very much more dynamically complicated, so that the instructor s conk out is much more demanding to let and actively sanction acknowledgment, rating, and Reconstruction ( Gunstone and Northfield all(prenominal) bit cited in Hand et al. , 1997 ) .A A A A A The size of it for good student-centered schoolrooms can be organized into sizeable group ( category with 25-30 pupils ) , average size ( 5-8 pupils ) , lowly group ( 3-5 pupils ) , pair group ( 2 pupils ) and a instructor and a pupil ( merely in item status ) ( MoEYS, 2002a ) . Furthermore, schoolroom agreements, particularly classroom infinite and resources like chairs and tabular arraies for outstanding group activities be besides of moment because appropriate resources helps to back up the soundness and efficiency of boot to the pupils.2. 4 interpretation of the Student-Centered Approaches to take aimA A A A A A The footings student-centered attacks A and revealer-centered attacks A to larning be the same and whilst some articles used the margin student-centered attacks and other articles used the experimental condition learner-centered attacks, the cardinal footings were used transposeably. Both footings focus on the demands of pupils who as scholars be actively enquired in the encyclopedism routine ( Utecht, 2003 ) . The destination student-centered attacks is used in this survey because this term is officially use in Cambodian course of study and ministry educational literature. Furthermore, the student-centered attacks atomic number 18 broader for illustration, a pupil can be delineate as scholar, exclusively a scholar may non be defined as pupil. For illustration, a boastful potent wants to cognize about the educational practice of law in Cambodia, so the adult virile can travel to library or capturek in the MoEYS web order to read and larn about the jurisprudence. The adult male therefore is non a pupil, that he is a scholar.A A A A A A The student-centered attacks to larning are defined as information modeological analysiss associated with an attack to larning where pupils are the head teacher characters in the learning act, and actively larn in a socially synergistic manner ( clank & A Saye, 2000 ) . The student-centered attacks are designed to help pupils to larn shell from meaningful life implements, societal fundamental interactions, and scientific experimentation ( Pedersen & A Liu, 2003 ) .A A A A A A The student-centered attacks to larning focal point on wholeness pupil s demands and ontogeny, because these attacks are intend to develop the potency of every wiz pupil and promote their personal growing and touchments ( Morris, 1996 ) . The student-centered attacks are besides considered useful options to the traditiona listic teacher-centered attacks. Similarly harmonizing to Courtney ( 2008 ) , it looks really antithetical from the traditional didactic information manners that are astray applied in Cambodia. These traditional knowledge methods depend on the direct kick of the instructor and verbal and written fictionalise with small accent on ground but strong accent on memory and callback. Kember ( as cited in ONeill & A McMahon, 2005 ) and Hirumi ( 2002 ) stated the student-centered attacks are in demarcation line to the traditional teacher-centered attacks. In the teacher-centered attacks, instructors are at the centre of the attainment and learning procedure and supply direction to pupils the pupils are the invalidate vass into which the instructor pours their experience. This position contrasts aggressively to that of constructivist possibleness where we see that pupils are cardinal to the acquisition procedure, they are non viewed as empty vass but instead actively take par t in doing experience by accept and work outing jobs for themselves, and developing their self-pride that is indispensable for larning and decision- qualification through and throughout life ( American Psychological Association, 1993 Hirumi, 2002 MoEYS, 2005 ) .A A A A A A The center rule of the student-centered acquisition attacks is that pupils have distinguishable abilities, demands, and involvements for how they learn, and they construct cognition and significance and learn in different ways ( Brady, 2006 Murdoch & A Wilson, 2008 Hirumi, 2002 ) . The American Psychological Association ( 1993 ) stated that pupils have assorted capablenesss and involvements for acquisition. Persons are natural with and develop alone capablenesss and endowments and have acquired through acquisition and societal socialization different penchants for how they like to larn and the gait at which they learn ( American Psychological Association, 1993, p. 9 ) . Harmonizing to Meyer & A Jone s ( as cited in Hirumi, 2002 ) , in the category pupils talk, listen, write, read, and reflect on content, thoughts, issues, and concerns in order to build their ain significance. In student-centered purlieus, scholars are given direct launching to the knowledge-base and work separately and in little groups to work out reliable jobs ( Hirumi, 2002, p. 506 ) . Similarly, harmonizing to Jones ( 2007 ) , a student-centered category is a topographic point where pupils demands are considered, as a group and as persons, and pupils are encouraged to take part in the acquisition procedure all the clip. At different times, pupils may work entirely, in braces, or in groups.A A A A A A As a theory of epistemology, constructivism proposes that pupils bring their existing experiences and beliefs, every bit good as existence positions and their cultural histories, into the acquisition procedure when they internally build cognition by interacting with the environment ( Yilmaz, 2008 ) . Constr uctivism is considered as a procedure that pupils actively construct their cognition upon cognition that they already have ( Motschnig-Pitrik & A Holzinger, 2002 ) . Social constructivist, Vygotsky believed that acquisition is a societal procedure in which scholars developed find outing through interaction with the environment around them ( Brush & A Saye, 2000, p. 5 ) . Harmonizing to Jonassen Duffy & A Jonassen ( as cited in Brush & A Saye, 2000 ) , the demand for more student-centered acquisition activities have been promoted by the protagonists of the constructivist epistemology of acquisition.A A A A A A In short, the cardinal features of the student-centered attacks to larning underscore studentsA anterior cognition and experience, developing vizor Taxonomy believing accomplishments, particularly critical thought and job resolution, researching single acquisition demands and involvements, advancing active pupil engagement, and developing demand for life-long acquis ition ( American Psychological Association, 1993 Brush & A Saye, 2000 Hirumi, 2002 Mtika & A Gates, 2010 ) . However, there is no individual scheme that helps pupils to verify effectual larning all the clip and there is no learning scheme that is better than others in every circumstance. Each learning scheme has its strength and failing, so instructors need to do determinations and chose tuition schemes that help their pupils to accomplish the acquisition results ( Killen, 2003 ) . Similarly harmonizing to Hab & A Em ( 2003 ) , to take and efficaciously use a instruction scheme the instructor has to judge numerous times because choosing an appropriate instruction scheme is based on the determination whether we bear knowledge to pupils through direct direction ( teacher-centered attacks ) or indirect facilitation ( student-centered attacks ) .2. 5 Student-Centered Learning as Adopted by the Cambodian Ministry of EducationA A A A A A 2.5.1 Vision of acquisition and instructi onA A A A A A Learning has many manners much(prenominal) as acquisition by seeing, sense of hearing, composing, reading, watch telecasting, self-experiment, pattern, believing, playing games, analyze circuits and so on. These manners of larning supply cognition to the scholars. However different larning can hold different consequence. Learners may bring forth different larning results with a different acquisition manner to another(prenominal) pupil ( MoEYS, 2002b ) . For illustration, those who learn by listening will bury all or retrieve a small subsequently several yearss. Those who merely stand and see people swimming can non swim, but if they learn to swim themselves, they can swim efficaciously. Peoples hence can make something when they involve themselves. Harmonizing to Confucianism, it is believed that If you tell me, I will bury. If you turn up me, I may retrieve. But if you involve me, I can make and understand ( MoEYS, 2008 ) .A A A A A A The Kampuchean governin g s vision of the intents for acquisition and instruction functions has bit by bit changed surrounded by societies and from one a period of clip to another ( MoEYS, 2002a ) . Previous learning methods considered effectual and appropriate was when instructors were considered to be the cognition suppliers. Teachers provided cognition and told pupils, and pupils listened to instructors and followed instructors without developing their ain thoughts or understanding. In this context instructors had the power because they had the cognition that pupils compulsory to be able to come on through the instruction system. This vision was subsequent officially abandoned because the acquisition results were considered incongruous to both the demands of the state for skilled minds and they compared ill to the wider international educational context.A A A A A A In the undermentioned period, another refreshing learning method was integrated called dubiety and reply method. The instructor raise d inquiries and the pupils answered. This method was adopted in the belief that it would consider better consequences for pupils. The inquiry and reply method was subsequently changed and reformed to what was known as the active method because this method mandatory much relationship surrounded by instructor and pupils. For the ultimately vision, it was believed that creative activity merely relationship between instructor and pupils was non plenty. To hold better consequence for pupils, relationship between pupils and pupils must be created in the instruction and acquisition procedure. Teachers have to fix pupils to work in groups, so pupils can interchange their thoughts, work hand in glove, and assist each other in larning. This last vision is a really of merchandise portion of student-centered attacks ( Hab & A Em, 2003 Inspector, 2002 Ung, 2008 ) . These attacks to larning and learning shifted the power repositing of the instructor from one who held all the cognition to a more fitted one where instructors spouse with, sometimes lead, their pupils into sensitive understanding and cognition.A A A A A A 2.5.2 Principle and theoryA A A A A A Theories that are applied and relevant to learning and larning in the current Kampuchean school system areLearning is making new cognitionLearning is interchanging experience ( Inspector, 2002 )A A A A A A The theories of larning above are besides clearly identifiable as constructs of constructivism. Although constructivism is non a theory of acquisition, the rules have been applied by many pedagogues in instruction and acquisition, particularly, but non merely, in scientific discipline instruction ( Han et al. , 1997 Yilmaz, 2008 ) . Constructivism emphasizes that cognition and significance are constructed by the human head in consequence scholars create links between their bing cognition and new experience and do new cognition constructions and significance ( Yilmaz, 2008 ) .A A A A A A The function of instruc tors and pupils are changed by the acceptance of the student-centered attacks to larning. Students are given great duty for their acquisition and the instructors functions change where they proceed more coordinators or facilitators of the acquisition experiences. Students are encouraged to research the cognition by themselves and with other scholars and the instructors help the acquisition procedure by demoing pupils waies of cognition. In this new function in the schoolroom, the instructors become portion of the acquisition procedure and acts as a picture and a resource for the pupils ( Utecht, 2003 ) . Furthermore, the importance of school is to supply multiple chances to pupils to make cognition and understanding by themselves through research, material experience and work outing jobs.

Coke Zero Essay

Coke Zero is the latest new product in the marketplace for hot coke and it appears that it is a success since it is.Coke Zero old has the word â€Å"zero† in it which already musical sounds a lot better than â€Å"Diet Coke† or â€Å"Diet metallurgical Coke Plus†. â€Å"Coke Zero† is straight to the point logical and automatically has the potential customer wishful thinking he (or she) free will not be consuming any calories.2. Why do you think that the hidden-camera educational videos used to promote Coke Zero were an effective way to reach based its target market? Do you many think a similar strategy with a viral marketing political campaign on the Internet would appeal to the main target market for Diet metallurgical Coke Plus?I think the hidden cameras were a good idea, but not completely original.Its something which a larger whole lot of soda drinkers good will be sad to go, logical and some of them are currently freaking worn out about it.Coke No Sugar, because the title implies, what does not include any sugar.

Diet cold sodas arent neutral since they just have photographic negative side effects and they provide no nutrition in return.Coke earns better economic gains than Pepsi due to the international marketing and promotion strategies.Faced with domestic market share, Coke began a collection of new its own internal flavor tests.Coke is among the brands deeds that are worldwide that are clinical most effective.

The customer perception couldnt alter logical and also make it few more appealing for men.Utilizing Demographic segmentation empty can truly help make or complete break a item.The item was targeted to many women who should get rid of weight logical and are worried about health logical and nourishment that is sex segmentation.The important distinction is the way they taste, due to the recipes.